A limited liability company is the newest form of business organization. Available in all 50 states, it is a hybrid entity that combines the favorable aspects of business and partnership. The LLC offers pass-through taxation similar to a partnership and limited liability like a corporation. You can look at it this way – the LLC is a partnership that offers a company`s limited liability protection. Or, conversely, it is a corporation that is taxed as a partnership. Yes, it is similar to an S company without the limit of 75 shareholders. Eight years after the enactment of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress amended the law to extend protection from discrimination in government-funded programs to gender. Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments corresponds to Title VI and has been used to combat discrimination on grounds of sex in areas as diverse as admissions, scholarships, discipline and sexual harassment. For example, in Sharif v. New York State Education Department, 709 F.
Supp. 345 (S.D.N.Y. 1989), a federal district court held that the State of New York could not use Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) results as the sole criterion for awarding university scholarships without violating Title IX. Given that girls scored an average of 60 points lower than boys on the test, and that the SAT was not a measure of past academic performance and was not intended to be, the court held that its use had a discriminatory effect on the awarding of scholarships without being linked in any way to a reward for successful academic achievement. In Yusuf v. Vassar College, 35 F.3d 709 (1994), the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that a private college may have discriminated against a student who sexually harassed a student by consistently applying different and higher standards to sexual harassment proceedings than to other disciplinary proceedings. And in Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, 503 U.S. 60, 112 pp. C. 1028, 117 L.
Ed. 2d 208 (1992), the U.S. Supreme Court held that Title IX also prohibits sexual harassment in educational institutions and that teachers who sexually harass or abuse students discriminate on the basis of sex, violating Title IX. Balancing a university`s interest in maintaining a profitable and successful athletic program with its need to comply with Title IX is a delicate one. In Kelley v. Board of Trustees, 35 F.3d 265 (1994), the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit dealt with a typical case involving these competing interests. In Kelley, the University of Illinois men`s swim team sued the university for Title IX violation after the school eliminated men`s and women`s swim programs in order to eliminate unprofitable athletic programs and reduce its budget deficit. Although neither swim team was popular with viewers and both programs were historically weak, the university did not remove the women`s program because its lawyer said it would violate Title IX. The court ruled that abolishing the men`s program, but maintaining the women`s program, does not violate Title IX, even though the school treats the two programs differently.
Our academic advisors are available on an hourly or flat-rate basis to advise you on the creation of your own college or university. We offer services such as obtaining your business license, government approval to offer degree and non-degree programs, or renewing your provisional license. We`ll help you get licensed to operate an educational facility in any of the 50 states. We offer a free one-hour meeting to discuss with one of our academic advisors how to start your own university. After this initial consultation, we recommend a list of appropriate services such as licensing, academic counselling, accreditation, CAO placement services, hiring and selecting faculty and administrative staff, and any other services you need to achieve your college or university goals.