There are primary and secondary schools. In many places, they are publicly funded. Colleges and universities usually charge fees (tuition), which may be different in different countries. Non-formal education includes basic adult education, adult literacy or preparation for school equivalence. In non-formal education, a person (who is not in school) can learn literacy, other basic skills or vocational skills. Homeschooling, individualized instruction (e.g. programmed learning), distance learning, and computer-assisted instruction are other options. [3] Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to pass a compulsory education law in 1852, after passing a similar law in 1647 when it was still a British colony.
The 1852 Act required every town and municipality to provide elementary schools focused on basic grammar and arithmetic. Parents who refused to send their children to school were fined and (in some cases) deprived of their parental rights, and their children were apprenticed to others. In Sparta, boys between the ages of 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school. School classes were difficult and were described as “brutal training time”. Between the ages of 18 and 20, Spartan men had to pass a test consisting of fitness, military skills and leadership qualities. The failure of a student meant the loss of citizenship (perioidos) and political rights. The death was a rite of passage to masculinity and citizenship in which he continued to serve in the military and trained as a soldier until the age of 60, when the soldier was able to retire to live with his family. [8] The authority to be present has been defined by the courts as a valid use of the state`s police power, as provided for in the U.S. Constitution. The decision of the United States Supreme Court in Meyer v.
Nebraska (1923) describes state police power as “based on the right of the state to protect its citizens, to ensure their well-being and progress, and to ensure the well-being of society” (Gee and Sperry, p. C-19). The France introduced compulsory education only slowly, this time due to conflicts between the secular state and the Catholic Church,[20] and consequently between anticlerical and Catholic political parties. During the July Monarchy, government officials proposed a variety of public provisions for primary education, culminating in the Guizot Law of 28 June 1833. The Guizot law required all communities to provide education for boys and required schools to introduce a curriculum focused on religious and moral instruction. The first Jules Ferry laws, passed in 1881, expanded the role of the central government in education far beyond the provisions of the Guizot Law and made primary education free for girls and boys. In 1882, the second package of Jules Ferry laws made education compulsory for girls and boys up to the age of 13. [24] In 1936, the upper age limit was raised to 14. In 1959 it was extended to 16. [25] A state`s power to require parents to send their children to school has not always been approved or recognized in the United States.
The parental education of children stems from the English laws of the sixteenth century, which require vocational training for poor young people. In collaboration with hospices and workhouses, schools were organized to educate the children of residents. China`s nine-year compulsory education was officially introduced in 1986 as part of its economic modernization program. [33] It was developed to promote “universalization,” bridging the education gap through economic development and between rural and urban areas by providing safe, quality schools. [34] The program initially ran into bottlenecks due to a large population and a weak economic base, but in 1999, primary and secondary schools served 90% and 85% of the national population, respectively. [33] Unschooling is when children learn to walk and do not go to traditional school buildings. Instead, they go to websites, play games, or indulge in normal hobbies and learn along the way. Children`s experience with “unstructured” lives is that they are in trouble. [5] During this period, many states enacted compulsory education laws that sought to take education out of the hands of parochial schools and place it under the jurisdiction of state public schools. These measures were taken as a growing response to fear of “immigrant” values and of the Catholic Church itself.
The Supreme Court later struck down these so-called “compulsory education laws,” which required students to attend only public schools. It advocates not only school attendance to prepare children for employment and economic success, but also the development of the values and character traits necessary for citizenship. The Center for Education Policy argues that public education is essential not only to teach the principles of democracy and the role of government, but also to promote civic values and the philosophy of tolerance for diversity and respect for differences of race and religion. The Protestant Reformation led to the introduction of compulsory schooling for boys and girls, first in the regions that now belong to Germany, then in Europe and the United States. Mississippi was the last state to pass a law requiring school attendance in 1917. Yet enforcement of these state laws was largely ineffective until states began to recognize the value of skilled labor. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights calls for the principle of compulsory education for all within a reasonable number of years. [2] All countries except Bhutan, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vatican City are mandatory.